Adapt or Perish: A Case of Remote Working Challenges of Academic Staff at a Higher Education Institution in South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijarbm.422Keywords:
Remote Work, Academic Employees, Digital Infrastructure, Professional Development, Higher EducationAbstract
Remote work has become integral to higher education, yet its impact on academic employees in developing contexts remains underexplored. This study examined the challenges, benefits, and potential solutions related to remote working among academic staff at a South African university. Guided by a constructivist paradigm, the study employed a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with seven purposively selected academics. Data were analysed thematically to identify core patterns in participants’ experiences. Findings revealed significant challenges, including reduced productivity due to unreliable internet connectivity, outdated digital resources, and social isolation resulting from diminished collegial interaction. Despite these constraints, participants reported benefits such as cost savings and enhanced work flexibility, which supported improved work–life balance. Proposed solutions emphasised the need for strengthened digital infrastructure, greater technological adaptation, and ongoing professional development to improve digital competence and pedagogical effectiveness. The study highlights the critical role of institutional support in enabling effective remote work. Strengthening technological systems, fostering supportive leadership practices, and investing in staff development are essential for sustaining remote work efficacy and well-being in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).
References
Alexander, A., Smet, A. D., & Mysore, M. (2020). Pandemic-style working from home may not translate easily to a “next normal” mix of on-site and remote working. Reimagining the post-pandemic workforce. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/reimagining-the-postpandemic-workforce
Al-Habaibeh, A., Watkins, M., Waried, K., & Javareshk, M. B. (2021). Challenges and opportunities of remotely working from home during COVID-19 pandemic. Global Transitions, 3, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2021.11.001
Ali, H., Yilmaz, G., Fareed, Z., Shahzad, F., & Ahmad, M. (2020). Impact of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on daily routines and air environment: Evidence from Turkey. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 14(3), 381–387.
Ali, W. (2020). Online and remote learning in higher education institutes: A necessity in light of COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Studies, 10, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n3p16
Armoed, Z. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic: Online teaching and learning at higher education institutes. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 654, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/654/1/012026
Ashikali, T., Groeneveld, S., & Kuipers, B. (2021). The role of inclusive leadership in supporting an inclusive climate in diverse public sector teams. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 41(3), 497–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19899722
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1978). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586–598.
Barkhuizen, N., Rothmann, S., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2014). Burnout and work engagement of academics in higher education institutions: Effects of dispositional optimism. Stress and Health, 30, 322–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2520
Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J. and Ying, Z.J., 2015. Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), pp.165–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
Boland, J. E., Fonseca, P., Mermelstein, I., & Williamson, M. (2022). Zoom disrupts the rhythm of conversation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151(6), 1272.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R., Smith, L., Woodland, L., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
Carr, R. M., Lane-Fall, M. B., South, E., Brady, D., et al. (2021). Academic careers and the COVID-19 pandemic: Reversing the tide. Science Translational Medicine, 13(584), eabe7189.
Chan, X. W., & Kinman, G. (2024). Work and non-work boundary management including remote and hybrid working. In Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks (pp. 56–75). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035300549.00008
Chanana, N., & Sangeeta. (2020). Employee engagement practices during COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Public Affairs, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2508
Chong, S., Huang, Y. and Chang, C.H., 2020. Supporting interdependent telework employees: A moderated-mediation model linking daily COVID-19 task setbacks to next-day work withdrawal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(12), pp.1408–1422. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000843
Fan, W., & Moen, P. (2023). Ongoing remote work, returning to working at work, or in between during COVID-19: What promotes subjective well-being? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 64(1), 152–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465221150283
Filho, L. W., Wall, T., Salvia, A. L., et al. (2024). The impacts of the COVID-19 lockdowns on the work of academic staff at higher education institutions: An international assessment. Environmental Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04484-x
Filho, L., Wall, W., Rayman-Bacchus, T., Mifsud, L., et al. (2021c). Impacts of COVID-19 and social isolation on academic staff and students at universities: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–19.
Forsythe, E., Kahn, L. B., Lange, F., & Wiczer, D. (2020). Labour demand in the time of COVID-19: Evidence from vacancy postings and UI claims. Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104238.
Gamede, B. T., Ajani, O. A., & Afolabi, O. S. (2022). Exploring the adoption and usage of learning management system as an alternative for curriculum delivery in South African higher education institutions during COVID-19 lockdown. International Journal of Higher Education, 11(1), 71–84.
Gazzeh, K., Abubakar, I. R., & Hammad, E. (2022). Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the global flows of people and goods: Implications on the dynamics of urban systems. Land, 11(3), 429.
Gifford, J. (2022). Remote working: Unprecedented increase and a developing research agenda. Human Resource Development International, 25(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2049108
Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183–211.
Grant, C.A., Wallace, L.M. and Spurgeon, P.C., 2019. An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e‐worker’s job effectiveness, well‐being and work‐life balance. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(1), pp.138–154. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2017-0148
Heeks, R. (2022). Digital inequality beyond the digital divide: Conceptualizing adverse digital incorporation in the global South. Information Technology for Development, 28(4), 688–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2022.2068492
Hill, T., Smith, N. D., & Mann, M. F. (1987). Role of efficacy expectations in predicting the decision to use advanced technologies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 307–314.
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T. and Bond, A., 2020. The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review, 27. Available at: https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning [Accessed 7 September 2025].
Johnston, N. (2020). The shift towards digital literacy in Australian university libraries: Developing a digital literacy framework. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, 69(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2020.1712638
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
Liu, J. (2021). Bridging digital divide amidst educational change for socially inclusive learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. SAGE Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211060810
Maddux, J. E. (Ed.). (2013). Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application. Springer Science and Business Media.
Maddux, J. E., & Meier, L. J. (1995). Self-efficacy and depression. In Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment (pp. 143–169). Springer, Boston, MA.
Marinho, M., Amorim, L., Camara, R., Oliveira, B. R., et al. (2021). Technology in society: Happier and further by going together: The importance of software team behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technology in Society, 67, 101799.
Matli, W. (2020). The changing work landscape as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from remote workers’ life situations in South Africa. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(9/10), 1237–1256. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0386
Mesuwini, J., & Mokoena, S. (2024). Exploring online teaching and learning challenges for the technical and vocational education and training lecturer. Journal of Education and e-Learning, 11(1), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v11i1.5423
Mishra, L., Gupta, T., & Shree, A. (2020). Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1, 100012.
Mitchell, R. (2020). On the verge of burnout: COVID-19’s impact on faculty well-being and career plans. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Research Brief.
Moralista, R. B., & Oducado, F. R. M. (2020). Faculty perception toward online education in a state college in the Philippines during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(10), 4736–4742.
Morrison-Smith, S., & Ruiz, J. (2020). Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: A literature review. SN Applied Sciences, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2801-5
Mubashira, & Kumar, B. N. (2024). The impact of remote work on employee productivity and satisfaction: Analyze how remote work trends have affected various aspects of employee performance and well-being. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice Journal, 1323–1329. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.3080
Naeem, M., & Ozuem, W. (2022a). Understanding misinformation and rumors that generated panic buying as a social practice during COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Twitter, YouTube, and focus group interviews. Information Technology and People, 35(7), 2140–2166. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-01-2021-0061
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2024). Demystification and Actualisation of Data Saturation in Qualitative Research Through Thematic Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241229777 (Original work published 2024)
Nasser, R., & Al-Salman, S. (2021). Remote work and its impact on productivity and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(5), 1213–1230. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-07-2020-0304
Nguyen, T. T. (2022). The impact of remote working on employee productivity: Evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Business Research, 147, 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.019
O'Neill, J. W., & Ulgado, F. M. (2021). The role of flexibility in remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 103049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103049
Parker, K., & Sacks, M. (2021). Remote work: The new normal? The Brookings Institution. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/remote-work-the-new-normal/
Pauleen, D. J., & Wang, Y. (2020). The influence of organizational culture on virtual team performance: The role of trust and communication. Journal of Information Technology, 35(3), 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220905816
Ramarajan, L., & Reid, M. J. (2021). The shifting boundary between work and life: Examining the impact of remote work on work-family balance during COVID-19. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 35(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2020.0136
Rattanawong, S., & Panyasai, K. (2023). Challenges and strategies for effective online teaching and learning: A case study during COVID-19. Education and Information Technologies, 28, 3455–3472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11072-w
Reimers, F. M., & Schleicher, A. (2020). COVID-19 and the future of education: A global perspective. OECD Education Working Paper No. 222. https://doi.org/10.1787/17a74e91-en
Rogers, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the future of work: A look at remote and hybrid work environments. Global Workforce Insights. Retrieved from https://www.globalworkforceinsights.com
Sall, E. S. (2021). Higher education in the time of COVID-19: The rise of online learning. Education and Technology, 22(5), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1109/ET.2021.00174
Sarker, S., & Sahay, S. (2021). Telework and productivity in times of pandemic: Revisiting the virtual workplace. Information Systems Research, 32(2), 560–578. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0923
Smith, A., & Thomas, M. (2020). Transforming learning and development for the digital age. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(8), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-06-2020-0142
Snyder, E. E., & Weiner, S. (2021). Building effective teams in virtual environments: Lessons learned from remote work during COVID-19. International Journal of Project Management, 39(4), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2021.03.005
Tani, M., & Wang, Y. (2022). Managing remote teams during a crisis: Best practices and insights from COVID-19. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(7), 1270–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1885962
Tussyadiah, I. P., & Miller, G. A. (2022). The rise of remote work in hospitality: Challenges and opportunities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, 100897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100897
Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S. et al. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Med Res Methodology, 18(148), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7
Wang, Y., & Huang, L. (2021). The effects of remote work on employee well-being and work performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(4), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09705-2
Westerman, J. W., & Burton, R. L. (2021). The future of work: How the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped workplace dynamics. Journal of Business Research, 138, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.022
Zhao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Exploring remote work: A case study on productivity and employee satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Workplace Studies, 45(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jws.2023.01.002
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Muene, Mokgata Allen Matjie, Fumani Donald Mabasa (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.