Cybersecurity Learning Factories: A Systematic Review for Strengthening Digital Security Competencies in Rural-Based Institutions

Abstract

Cybersecurity Learning Factories (CLFs) offer an innovative approach to enhancing digital security competencies through immersive, hands-on learning environments that simulate real-world cyber challenges. This systematic review explores the potential of CLFs to address digital skill gaps in rural-based educational institutions, particularly within Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges such as Vhembe TVET College in South Africa. Using a structured search strategy across academic databases, including IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, nine high-quality articles published between 2019 and 2025 were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review synthesises findings related to CLF effectiveness, pedagogical design, and alignment with global cybersecurity frameworks such as IEC 62443, Zero Trust Architecture, and ISASecure. Results indicate that CLFs enhance learner engagement, retention, and readiness for real-world cybersecurity challenges. Moreover, CLFs support Education 4.0 principles and are adaptable to the infrastructural constraints of rural contexts through scalable, often cloud-based platforms. Challenges identified include infrastructure limitations, a lack of specialised trained educators, and issues with curriculum integration. This review contributes actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to implement secure, scalable, and context-sensitive cybersecurity education in under-resourced environments.