Assessing the Impact of the Expanded Public Works Programme on Unemployment Reduction in South Africa Since Its Inception

Abstract

The Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) is a key state-led intervention in South Africa, designed to alleviate unemployment, poverty, and income insecurity since 2004. Targeting women, youth, and persons with disabilities, it provides short-term employment and basic skills development. This study assesses the EPWP’s overall impact on unemployment reduction, drawing on secondary data from government reports, peer-reviewed research, and recent labour market statistics. Findings indicate that the programme has generated substantial work opportunities and income support, particularly for vulnerable groups. However, its effect on sustainable employment and long-term unemployment remains limited. Short employment durations, weak skills transfer, and minimal integration with the formal labour market constrain participants’ post-programme prospects. Consequently, the EPWP functions more effectively as a social protection and labour market activation mechanism than as a structural solution to unemployment. The study concludes that while the programme is necessary for mitigating immediate economic vulnerability, it is insufficient for addressing persistent joblessness. Policy recommendations include stronger exit pathways, accredited skills training, and closer alignment with broader economic and industrial strategies. This analysis contributes to public employment and labour market policy debates by offering a balanced perspective on the EPWP’s achievements and limitations over time.