Assessing Municipal Water Service Delivery in South Africa

Authors

  • Sifiso Mofokeng Department of Public Management and Leadership, Nelson Mandela University Author
  • Simon Matome Nkgapele Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijarbm.517

Keywords:

Local Government, Political Interference, Service Delivery, South Africa, Water Governance, Water Scarcity, Water Tankers

Abstract

Water provisioning remains a significant challenge in South African municipalities such as the UMkhanyakude and Mopani districts, despite constitutional (Chapter 2 of the 1996 Constitution) and legislative mandates (Water Services Act 108 of 1997) that guarantee access to sufficient water. This study evaluates the effectiveness of existing policies, practices, and governance structures in addressing these issues through qualitative methods, including document analysis. Findings reveal deficiencies in resource management, accountability mechanisms, and community participation in decision-making. The study concludes that sustainable water governance requires a multi-sectoral approach integrating improved resource allocation, enhanced accountability, and meaningful community engagement. It contributes to the literature on water governance and local government in South Africa.

Author Biography

  • Simon Matome Nkgapele

    Phd Candidate

References

Anekwe, I. M. S., Zhou, H., Makhathini, M. S. M., & Mkhize, M. (2023). Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Jozini Municipality, South Africa. In 11th Annual International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD) (pp. 1-12). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Akpasi/publication/375743097_Investigating_the_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_Water_Resources_in_Jozini_Municipality_South_Africa/links/6559cd3bb86a1d521bf5725a/Investigating-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Water-Resources-in-Jozini-Municipality-South-Africa.pdf

Anthonj, C. (2021). Contextualizing linkages between water security and global health in Africa, Asia and Europe. Geography matters in research, policy and practice. Water Security, 13, 100093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100093

Auditor-General of South Africa (AGSA). 2019. General report on local government audit outcomes, MFMA 2020–2021, AGSA, Pretoria.

Barnard, M. (2020). Constitutionalising a human right to water in the Southern African development community. Utrecht Law Review, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.573

Bazaanah, P., & Litabe, N. M. (2023). Community participation in water and sanitation service delivery: An empirical case of Mantsopa Municipality, South Africa. https://repository.up.ac.za/items/2e4e059c-526f-4f2e-bb0b-de1501ab3046

Bazaanah, P., & Mothapo, R. A. (2023). Sustainability of drinking water and sanitation delivery systems in rural communities of the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality, South Africa. Environment, development and sustainability, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03190-4

Botha, J. H. (2020). Exploring management practices of water resources and infrastructure at local government level as a threat to water security in South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University). https://scholar.sun.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/3b9b6423-87fb-4ec2-91b1-949e70e03ced/content

Breen, M., & Gillanders, R. (2024). Money down the drain: Corruption and water service quality in Africa. Governance, 37(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12753

Chitonge, H., Mokoena, A., & Kongo, M. (2019). Water and sanitation inequality in Africa: challenges for SDG 6. In Africa and the sustainable development goals (pp. 207-218). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14857-7_20

Department of Water and Sanitation. (2023). Annual report 2022/23. Pretoria: Department of Water and Sanitation.

Dlamini, S. H. (2018). Assessing the capacity of municipalities for water provision within a rural context: A case study of uMkhanyakude District Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College). https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/736ca9df-0cb7-4cc6-8d97-5c6d62c7e825/content

Donnenfeld, Z., Hedden, S., & Crookes, C. (2018). A delicate balance: Water scarcity in South Africa. https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Delicate_balance_water_scarcity.pdf

Farnault, A., & Sarr, K. (2024). Diversifying sources of finance for water in Africa. OECD Environment Working Papers. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/08/diversifying-sources-of-finance-for-water-in-africa_2b308e53/114791fd-en.pdf

Good Governance Africa. (2024). Poor governance exacerbates South Africa's Water Scarcity, GGA, Pretoria.

Greater Giyani Local Municipality (GGLM), 2022, IDP/Budget 2021–2022, Limpopo Province, National Treasury, Pretoria.

Hove, J., D'Ambruoso, L., Mabetha, D., Van Der Merwe, M., Byass, P., Kahn, K., ... & Twine, R. (2019). ‘Water is life’: developing community participation for clean water in rural South Africa. BMJ global health, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001377

Jozini Local Municipality (JLM). (2023). IDP/Budget 2022–2023, KwaZulu Natal Province, National Treasury, Pretoria.

Juárez, A. (2020). Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. In Mining, Materials, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (pp. 51-60). CRC Press.

Kim, J. W., & Lee, J. S. (2021). Greening energy finance of multilateral development banks: Review of the world bank’s energy project investment (1985–2019). Energies, 14(9), 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092648

Local Government Sector Education Training Authority (LGSETA). (2023). Sector Skills Gap and LG Appointments, LGSETA, Pretoria.

Loubser, C., Chimbanga, B. M., & Jacobs, H. (2021). Intermittent water supply: a South African perspective. Water SA, 47(1), 1-9. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/204516

Luyaba, L., Moyo, P., Mbhele, N., & Mochotlhoane, M. (2024). Unwilling or unable? A critical reflection on the state of municipal water services, 2019–2024. South African Journal of Science. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajsci/article/view/280694/266976

Mabotha, P. A. P., & Ngcamu, B. S. (2024). Navigating the Minefield of Political Interference on Effective Leadership in Water and Sanitation Service Delivery. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES (IPADA), 414. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mokoko-Sebola/publication/387822477_IPADA_2024_Conference_Proceedings/links/677e783479d6d00f5f5d036d/IPADA-2024-Conference-Proceedings.pdf#page=416

Malima, T. P. (2020). Intervention strategy for effective potable water supply system to rural communities in Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation). https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/3ebff114-8466-439d-bd06-ffe1153df579/content

Mamokhere, J. (2022). Accountability, inclusivity, effectiveness, and leaving no one behind: An exploration of effective governance principles in ensuring clean water and sanitation in South African municipalities. International Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 11. https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:161256800?sid=ebsco:plink:scholar&id=ebsco:gcd:161256800&crl=c

Mamokhere, J., & Thusi, X. (2024). Understanding the underlying causes of corruption and their implications on sustainable service delivery in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Artha Journal of Social Sciences, 23(3), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.70.4

Mapuka, F. N., Nel, W., & Kalumba, A. M. (2024). Exploring household water conservation methods in rural South Africa: a case of the Mbhashe and Mnquma local municipalities. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 10(4), 145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-024-01127-x

Mashele, M., & Ngie, A. (2022). An assessment of land cover changes in Greater Giyani Municipality in South Africa. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/124416/records/662637155d1fb0ac4c6cb654

Matebese-Notshulwana, K. (2021). Weak procurement practices and the challenges of service delivery in South Africa. In Public procurement, corruption and the crisis of governance in Africa (pp. 93-111). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63857-3_6

Matimolane, S., Selane, L., & Mathivha, F. I. (2024). Exploring water supply challenges to selected villages of greater Giyani municipality in Limpopo province, South Africa. Journal of asian and african studies, 00219096241303946. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096241303946

Mavuso, S. (2024). Multi-million rand water project 'rots' without producing a drop,' Scrolla News, 12 August, [online]. Available at: https://scrolla.africa/multi-million-rand-water-project-rots-without-producing-a-drop/ [Accessed: 26 March 2025]

Maziya, M., & Nkonki-Mandleni, B. (2022). Perceptions of smallholder farmers on climate change in the uMkhanyakude District of KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. J. Hum. Ecol, 80(1-3), 25-31. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mbongeni-Maziya/publication/365047405_Perceptions_of_Smallholder_Farmers_on_Climate_Change_in_the_uMkhanyakude_District_of_KwaZulu-Natal_Province_of_South_Africa/links/6363d7e337878b3e877bdabd/Perceptions-of-Smallholder-Farmers-on-Climate-Change-in-the-uMkhanyakude-District-of-KwaZulu-Natal-Province-of-South-Africa.pdf?__cf_chl_tk=SseSQbyngAHssamk8leI7bV0afaixp_8e1n0XsMmXTw-1772747452-1.0.1.1-_v2.37jtkbZBQpl8t7JRFmwH70OX0KtZRTZUKJsMPVs

Mishra, R. K. (2023). Fresh water availability and its global challenge. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(3), 1-78. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0207

Mlambo, D. N., Mphurpi, J. H., & Makgoba, S. (2023). Corruption at the municipal level: Insight (s) from post-apartheid South Africa. African Journal of Development Studies, 13(2), 35. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.31920/2634-3649/2023/v13n2a2

Mlambo, V. H., Ngema, K. S., & Mpanza, S. (2023). Governance and corruption in South Africa's public sector: The road ahead. Artha Journal of Social Sciences, 22(3), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.66.1

Mmbadi, E. (2019). Water security in rural Limpopo in a changing climate: A study of the Greater-Giyani local municipality, South Africa. https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/2ba9213c-4d7d-433b-a3a1-f1a81f9719b1/content

Mngomezulu, S. (2018). Jozini Dam infrastructure and its role on Local Economic Development. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa). https://www.proquest.com/openview/63e59486b1265ce0991a9c5e3f2ac3a2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y

Mofokeng, S., & Nkgapele, S. M. (2025). Reimagining Public Administration Pedagogy in South Africa to Meet the Needs of South Africa's Public Service. Asian Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship and Social Science, 5(02), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.63922/ajmesc.v5i02.1278

Mokgolobotho, R., & Nkgapele, S. (2024). The Role of Alternative Service Delivery Models in Improving Access to Health Care, Education, and Water Services in the South African Public Service. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 7(10), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v7i10.2231

Motsoeneng, R. P. (2022). Public sanitation challenges in South African local government. Administratio Publica, 30(4), 186-207. https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-adminpub_v30_n4_a10

Munyai, A. (2024). Corruption Through Bribery: a Norm in South Africa’s Public Sector?. Journal for Juridical Science, 49(2), 40-68. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.38140/jjs.v49i2.7258

Murei, A., Mogane, B., Mothiba, D. P., Mochware, O. T. W., Sekgobela, J. M., Mudau, M., ... & Momba, M. N. B. (2022). Barriers to water and sanitation safety plans in rural areas of South Africa—a case study in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Water, 14(8), 1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081244

Ngema, N. N., Mbanga, S. L., Adeniran, A. A., & Kabundu, E. (2024). Integrating indigenous and modern water supply systems in rural South Africa. Frontiers in Water, 6, 1468973. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1468973

Ngobeni, V., & Breitenbach, M. C. (2021). Production and scale efficiency of South African water utilities: the case of water boards. Water Policy, 23(4), 862-879. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.055

Nkgapele, S. M., & Mofokeng, S. (2024). Merit-based recruitment in the South African Public Service: Challenges and opportunities. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 4(4), 148-170. https://doi.org/10.53378/irssr.353136

Nkutha, N. B. (2022). Alignment of water use licenses with strategic water management objectives for the uMkhanyakude District area, Kwazulu-Natal (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa)). https://repository.nwu.ac.za/items/0d31be82-e9e7-4d3a-b338-39a61a0d5627

Nzama, L., Moloi, T. M., & Marx, B. (2023). Measures that may assist non-performing municipalities in improving their performance. Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation, 4, 15. https://doi.org/10.4102/jolgri.v4i0.136

Olley, J., Cvitanovic, M., Ginige, T., & Bunt-MacRury, L. (2024). A systematic literature review of sustainable water management in South Africa. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 10(5), 162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-024-01135-x

Petunia, T. A., & Selepe, M. (2020). Strengthening policy-and decision-making processes through community participation: A municipal perspective. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 8(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v8i1.409

Pillay, P. (2018). Ethics, Public Trust and Corruption. Administratio Publica, 26(4), 22-39. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/ejc-adminpub-v26-n4-a3

Ragolane, M. (2025). An investigation into the causes and impact of service delivery protests on political stability: perceptions from the social contract and relative deprivation. EUREKA: Social and Humanities. https://www.academia.edu/143449751/AN_INVESTIGATION_INTO_THE_CAUSES_AND_IMPACT_OF_SERVICE_DELIVERY_PROTESTS_ON_POLITICAL_STABILITY_PERCEPTIONS_FROM_THE_SOCIAL_CONTRACT_AND_RELATIVE_DEPRIVATION

Rankoana, S. A. (2020). Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: A community-based adaptation to water insecurity. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(5), 587-598. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033

Rikhotso, N. M. (2020). Rural water governance in the Mopani district municipality. University of Johannesburg (South Africa). https://www.proquest.com/openview/47f5b5209db322d74eb3bf5e5a3a4d85/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y

Scheba, S. (2022). Viewpoint–The South African water sector: Municipal dysfunction, resistance, and future pathways. Water Alternatives, 15(3), 632-649. https://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol15/v15issue3/676-a15-3-5/file

Seema, T. C., Molepo, J. N., & Maleka, C. M. (2025). Water service delivery challenges in Modimolle-Mookgophong Local Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa. Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation, 6, 217. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/jolgri.v6i0.217

Selane, L. S. (2022). Evaluating water supply to selected villages in the Greater Giyani Municipality (Doctoral dissertation). https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/d391e789-a8bb-42e8-8a67-5d10630733ee/content

Shava, E., & Chamisa, S. F. (2018). Cadre Deployment Policy and its Effects on Performance Management in South African Local Government: A Critical Review. Politeia (02568845), 37(1). https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.25159/0256-8845/3849

Shongwe, B. R., & Meyer, D. F. (2023). Service delivery challenges within rural communities: The case of the Nkomazi Local Municipal Area. Administratio Publica, 31(2), 136-159. https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-adminpub_v31_n2_a8

Sithole, M. J. P. (2019). Evaluating the back to basics programme: water provision in Giyani Local Municipality (Doctoral dissertation). https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/58dd6eb0-2060-45a9-a922-0220f54afd0c/content

Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). (2023). Community Survey 2022: Basic results: Municipalities, Statistics, Pretoria.

Swanepoel, C. F. (2022). The slippery slope to state capture: Cadre deployment as an enabler of corruption and a contributor to blurred party–State lines. Law, Democracy & Development, 25(1), 440-462. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ldd/article/view/233803

Tshona, S. S., Lungisa, S., & Mgweba, L. (2025). Thirsting for solutions: Unpacking inadequate water provision in rural communities. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 13(1), 873. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/apsdpr.v13i1.873

Van der Bruggen, B. (2021). Sustainable implementation of innovative technologies for water purification. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 5(4), 217-218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00264-7

Van Koppen, B., Hofstetter, M., Nesamvuni, A. E., & Chiluwe, Q. (2020). Integrated management of multiple water sources for multiple uses: rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water SA, 46(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i1.7870

van Koppen, B., Nohayi, N., Jacobs-Mata, I., & Nortje, K. (2024, April). Meeting each other halfway: institutionalizing community participation in integrated development plans and water services development plans in South Africa. https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/3130%20final.pdf

Zuma, K. D. (2019). Efforts to change water resources legacies: The impact of implementation of national water resources strategy-II on domestic users’ access to water. University of Johannesburg (South Africa). https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Efforts-to-change-water-resourceslegacies/9931810107691

Downloads

Published

2026-03-31

Issue

Section

Literature Review Paper

How to Cite

Mofokeng, S., & Nkgapele, S. M. (2026). Assessing Municipal Water Service Delivery in South Africa. International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijarbm.517