Empirical Comparison of Critical Success Factors for the Adoption of Public Private Partnerships Approach Among Universities in Uganda and South Africa

Authors

  • Alex Nduhura Uganda Management Institute image/svg+xml Author
  • Muhiya Lukamba Author
  • Ivan K. Twinomuhwezi Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijsbe.576

Keywords:

University Missions, Public Private Partnerships, Critical Success Factors (CSFs), Universities in Uganda and South Africa

Abstract

Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly used to address infrastructure financing gaps in higher education, particularly in developing countries. However, their successful adoption depends on the presence of critical success factors (CSFs) that balance public and private sector interests while safeguarding the needs of beneficiaries. This study examines the CSFs influencing PPP adoption in universities in Uganda and South Africa. A qualitative research design was employed using key informant interviews and focus group discussions with PPP stakeholders from universities, regulatory bodies, government agencies, private sector actors, and students. Data was analyzed using thematic and comparative analysis. The findings reveal that affordability is the most critical CSF, followed by transparency and openness, price regulation, and stakeholder involvement. Other important factors include consideration of private sector interests, a conducive investment climate, demonstration of successful PPP projects, and effective information sharing. The study highlights that, unlike traditional infrastructure sectors, PPP success in universities strongly depends on beneficiary-centered considerations, particularly student affordability and participation. The study contributes to PPP literature by extending CSF analysis to the higher education sector and provides practical guidance for policymakers and university administrators to design affordable, transparent, and socially acceptable PPP arrangements.

Author Biographies

  • Alex Nduhura, Uganda Management Institute

    Alex Nduhura is a business -public management and PPP specialist with extensive experience in Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) in sub-Saharan Africa. He holds a PhD in Public Management and Governance and is employed as an Associate Professor of Business and Public Management at Uganda Management Institute. He has led multidisciplinary research on infrastructure financing, governance, and policy innovation. Assoc Prof Nduhura has contributed to evidence-based strategies for sustainable project, local economic development, supply chain management and regional development, advising governments, international organizations, and private sector stakeholders. His work integrates economic theory, fiscal policy, and practical project implementation to enhance value-for-money, infrastructure affordability, and socio-economic outcomes across emerging economies. He has coauthored a book of PPPs available at Amazon.com

  • Muhiya Lukamba

    Prof Muhiya Tshombe Lukamba is a distinguished Professor of Public Adminsitration with extensive expertise in research Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs), energy commercialisation, and public administration in sub-Saharan Africa He is employed as Professor of Public Adminsitration at North West University South Africa. He has led interdisciplinary research initiatives on governance, land value capture, and infrastructure project performance, advising governments, international agencies, and private sector stakeholders. Prof. Lukamba’s work bridges academic scholarship and practical policy application, emphasizing evidence-based strategies to enhance value-for-money, project sustainability, and socio-economic outcomes in emerging economies. He has published widely in peer-reviewed journals and contributes to capacity-building in infrastructure and urban governance

References

Abiodun, I. (2025). Achieving Sustainable Highway Infrastructure in Developing Countries: Creating a Viable Public-private Partnership Model. Taylor & Francis.

Aljaber, K., Sohail, M., & Ruikar, K. (2024). Critical success factors of water and power public–private partnerships in developing countries: a systematic review. Buildings, 14(6), 1603.

Alqahtani, F. K., Al-Jadhai, S., Alromihy, H., Alsaud, M., Sherif, M., & Mohamed, A. G. (2024). Appraising critical success factors in sustainable housing projects: A comparative study of PPP modalities in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon, 10(12).

Boardman, A. E., & Vining, A. R. (2012). The political economy of public‐private partnerships and analysis of their social value. Annals of public and cooperative economics, 83(2), 117-141.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Busco, C., Walters, J., & Provoste, E. (2024). Stakeholder management within PPP-arranged civil engineering megaprojects: A systematic literature review of challenges, critical success factors and stakeholder roles. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 37(5), 649-671.

Casady, C. B. (2024). A time differencing qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of public-private partnership (PPP) market maturity. Public Management Review, 26(5), 1360-1382.

Casady, C. B., & Suárez-Alemán, A. (2025). Evaluating the impact of public-private partnerships-enabling conditions on infrastructure development: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean (No. IDB-WP-01735). IDB Working Paper Series.

Chileshe, N., Kavishe, N., & Edwards, D. J. (2023). Identification of critical capacity building challenges in public-private partnerships (PPPs) projects: the case of Tanzania. International Journal of Construction Management, 23(3), 495-504.

Chileshe, N., Njau, C. W., Kibichii, B. K., Macharia, L. N., & Kavishe, N. (2022). Critical success factors for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) infrastructure and housing projects in Kenya. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(9), 1606-1617.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.

Debela, G. Y. (2022). Critical success factors (CSFs) of public–private partnership (PPP) road projects in Ethiopia. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(3), 489-500.

dos Reis, C. J. O., & Gomes, R. C. (2023). Public value creation and appropriation mechanisms in public–private partnerships: How does it play a role?. Public administration, 101(2), 693-715.

Durna, E., Özorhon, B., & Caglayan, S. (2024). Identifying critical success factors of public private partnership projects in Türkiye. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 28(1), 30-50.

Fathi, M. (2024). A Structural Equation Model on Critical Risk and Success in Public–Private Partnership: Exploratory Study. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(8), 354.

Griffiths, D. (2019). # FeesMustFall and the decolonised university in South Africa: Tensions and opportunities in a globalising world. International Journal of Educational Research, 94, 143-149.

Gumbu, T. (2024). To collaborate or not to collaborate: A transaction cost economics approach to construction contracts in public-private partnerships. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The), 15(1), 169-205.

Johnson, H. G. (1973). The university and social welfare. Minerva, 30-52.

Kavishe, N., & Chileshe, N. (2019). Critical success factors in public-private partnerships (PPPs) on affordable housing schemes delivery in Tanzania: A qualitative study. Journal of facilities management, 17(2), 188-207.

Kinder, T. (2025). Public–Private Partnerships. In Marx and Public Services: Theory, Policy, and Practice (pp. 249-272). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Kusumasari, B. (2023). Critical success factors of Public-Private Partnerships in the education sector. Public Administration and Policy, 26(3), 309-320.

Liu, L., Guo, Y., Chen, C., & Martek, I. (2021). Determining critical success factors for public–private partnership asset-backed securitization: A structural equation modeling approach. Buildings, 11(5), 199.

Mallisetti, V., Dolla, T., & Laishram, B. (2021). Motivations and critical success factors of Indian public–private partnership unsolicited proposals. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 102(1), 225-236.

Mankewu, B., & Awuzie, B. (2022). Improving the bankability of PPP-financed railway infrastructure projects in Southern Africa: Establishing critical success factors. In Building Smart, Resilient and Sustainable Infrastructure in Developing Countries (pp. 138-144). CRC Press.

Massimo, C. (2024). Critical Success Factors for the Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships in Zimbabwe's State Universities. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 14(1), 131-131.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.

Mwelu, N., Davis, P. R., Ke, Y., Watundu, S., & Jefferies, M. (2021). Success factors for implementing Uganda’s public road construction projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 21(6), 598-614.

Natalia, L., Tanzil, N. D., & Sari, P. Y. (2021). Critical success factors of public-private partnership from 2000 to 2019: A literature review. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 8(6), 531-540.

Nduhura, A., & Twinomuhwezi, I. K. (2024). Public-Private Partnerships in Africa’s Electricity Markets. Public-private partnerships in Africa: exploring Africa’s growth potential. Lexington Books, Lanham, 47-68.

Nduhura, A., Lukamba, M. T., Molokwane, T., Twinomuhwezi, I. K., Nuwagaba, I., Settumba, J. P., & Kabasinguzi, C. (2024). Punching Ahead: Reimagining the Application Lens for Public Private Partnerships in African Universities. Journal of Somali Studies: Research on Somalia and the Greater Horn of African Countries, 11(1), 129-151.

Nduhura, A., Lukamba, M. T., Twinomuhwezi, I. K., Molokwane, T., Mugambe, P., Kadondi, F., & Nuwagaba, I. (2024). Taking Stock of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda: Implications for Practice and Policy Making. Institutiones Administrationis-Journal of Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 104-125.

Ntombana, L., Gwala, A., & Sibanda, F. (2023). Positioning the# FeesMustFall movement within the transformative agenda: Reflections on student protests in South Africa. Education as Change, 27(1), 1-18.

Nuseeb, M., Koussa, M., Matshidze, L., Umeokafor, N., & Windapo, A. (2021). Client characteristics related critical success factors for public private partnerships in South Africa. International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management, 11(1), 49-68.

Ojasalo, J., & Kauppinen, S. (2024). Public value in public service ecosystems. Journal of nonprofit & public sector marketing, 36(2), 179-207.

Okoye, N. (2025). PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA. Allied Journal of Political Sciences and Public Administration, 13(3), 1-10.

Oluwakoya, A. O. (2025). The influence of political interests on urban transport planning: a case study of Lagos State. Contemporary Journal of Politics and Administration, 3(1).

Osei-Kyei, R., & Chan, A. P. (2015). Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013. International journal of project management, 33(6), 1335-1346.

O'Shea, C., Palcic, D., & Reeves, E. (2025). Does Practice Make Perfect? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Contractual Governance of Ireland's First Public‐Private Partnership. Public Administration.

Othman, K., & Khallaf, R. (2022). Identification of the barriers and key success factors for renewable energy public-private partnership projects: a continental analysis. Buildings, 12(10), 1511.

Owolabi, H. A., Oyedele, L., Alaka, H., Ebohon, O. J., Ajayi, S., Akinade, O., ... & Olawale, O. (2019). Public private partnerships (PPP) in the developing world: mitigating financiers’ risks. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 16(3), 121-141.

Penyalver, D., & Turro, M. (2022). Putting People First, a Necessary Change in the Appraisal of Major Infrastructure Projects. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Economics and Finance, 4(1), 1-15.

Public Private Partnerships Unit PPPU (2019). Public Disclosure Document.

Raghuram, P., Breines, M. R., & Gunter, A. (2020). Beyond# FeesMustFall: International students, fees and everyday agency in the era of decolonisation. Geoforum, 109, 95-105.

Ragolane, M. (2025). Hybrid Governance and Public Value in South African PPPs: Balancing Trust, Accountability and Participation. International Journal of Law, Social Science, and Humanities, 2(3), 307-325.

Ragolane, M. (2025). Hybrid Governance and Public Value in South African PPPs: Balancing Trust, Accountability and Participation. International Journal of Law, Social Science, and Humanities, 2(3), 307-325.

Rasebotsa, A. R., Agumba, J. N., Adebowale, O. J., Edwards, D. J., & Posillico, J. (2024). A Critical Success Factors Framework for the Improved Delivery of Social Infrastructure Projects in South Africa. Buildings, 15(1), 92.

Roberts, S. J., Abshire Saylor, M., Ivynian, S., & DiGiacomo, M. (2026). Data saturation and information power: Sample size in qualitative research–when is enough and how to assess?. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, zvag046.

Robredo, J., Ross, J., Karlage, A., Legido-Quigley, H., Wang, H., & Bitton, A. (2026). Lessons and Insights from Country Case Studies on Advancing People-Centered Integrated Primary Healthcare. In People-Centered Integrated Primary Healthcare System Development in Asia and Beyond (pp. 403-421).

Schomaker, R. M., & Bauer, C. (2022). Trust and transaction costs in public–private partnerships—theoretical reflections and empirical findings. Public Money & Management, 42(4), 284-290.

Sebitlo, O. K., Mbara, T., & Luke, R. (2022). The state of South Africa’s public–private partnership practices in transport projects: Problems and potential. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 16, 733.

Shah, M. A., Kumar, S., Shah, M. A., & Rasool, A. (2023). Examining the relationship among critical success factors (CSFs) for delivery of sustainable public-private partnership projects. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 29(2), 250-273.

Singh, Y. (2025). Contracting for Efficiency: A Microeconomic Comparison of PPPs & Traditional Contracts. Available at SSRN 5220613.

Tazwaire, D., & Oketch, C. (2022). Effect of student’s involvement in fees policy implementation on learner’s stability in public universities in Uganda: the case of Makerere University. African Journal of Governance and Public Leadership, 1(4), 66-78.

Thabit, S., Sancino, A., & Mora, L. (2025). Strategic public value (s) governance: A systematic literature review and framework for analysis. Public Administration Review, 85(3), 885-906.

Tipu, W. A., Mughal, Y. H., Kundi, G. M., Nair, K. S., & Thurasamy, R. (2024). Enhancing the Sustainable Performance of Public–Private Partnership Projects: The Buffering Effect of Environmental Uncertainty. Buildings, 14(12), 3879.

Topalidis, G. T., Kartalis, N. N., Velentzas, J. R., & Sidiropoulou, C. G. (2024). New developments in geopolitics: A reassessment of theories after 2023. Social Sciences, 13(2), 109.

Toriola-Coker, L., Owolabi, H., Alaka, H., Bello, W. A., & Pathirage, C. (2023). Critical success factors (CSFs) for motivating end-user stakeholder’s support for ensuring sustainability of PPP projects in Nigerian host communities. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 21(3), 902-926.

Tripathy, R. K., Srivastava, K., & Jalem, K. (2025). Navigating the Circular Economy in Sustainable Development: A Creative Framework based on People First PPP for Waste-to-Energy Projects in India. In Recent Trends In Engineering and Science for Resource Optimization and Sustainable Development (pp. 304-313). CRC Press.

Tropeano, T., Bellazzecca, E., & Bengo, I. (2025). Exploring the functions and role of social impact measurement in enhancing the social value of public-private partnerships: a systematic literature review. Public Policy and Administration, 40(4), 535-560.

Twinomuhwezi, I. K., & Herman, C. (2020). Critical Success Factors for Public-Private Partnership in Universal Secondary Education: Perspectives and Policy Lessons from Uganda. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 12(2), 133-146.

Verkhovets, S., & Köstem, S. (2025). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development meets the state: a post-pandemic compromise. Third World Quarterly, 1-20.

Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Li, E., Zhang, C., Li, H., & Hada, S. (2025). Evolutionary Mechanism of Trust for Public–Private Partnership Projects with Public Participation. Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries, 280.

Downloads

Published

2026-03-23

Issue

Section

Original Research Paper

How to Cite

Nduhura, A., Lukamba, M., & Twinomuhwezi, I. K. (2026). Empirical Comparison of Critical Success Factors for the Adoption of Public Private Partnerships Approach Among Universities in Uganda and South Africa. International Journal of Sustainability in Business and Economics, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijsbe.576